Creating Bootable USB Without Any Software, Using Command prompt

Nowadays for installing OS we maximum use to like boot from USB flash. It is fast and easy method. Today i am telling you the tricks for creating USB BOOT flash without installing any software.

Connect USB flash to the system (computer / Laptop)
Open RUN and type CMD (Type run in searching bar or you can hit Win+R)
Right click and select run as administrator, for windows 10 in search bar there you will be find run as administrator.
Command prompt will open



Now you have to follow the below steps ::

Diskpart→list disk→select disk 1(chose the usb device, you will recognize it by its size)→clean(this will erase the usb)→create partition primary→select partition 1→active→format fs=ntfs(this will format the usb drive and will take 10-15 minutes)



After formatting. Follow the commands ::    in command promt : →assign(now you will notice that the usb drive changed its letter to (E): or (F))→exit(this command will exit the disk part function).

Now give the boot file folder path.  make sure that in your windows folder you have the boot folder with the bootsect executable file.



→cd boot→bootsect.exe/nt60 h:(h is the letter of the usb drive ,this comand will update the boot core)→exit (this will exit command prompt).




Now you have to copy all the files in the windows folder to your usb drive.



Now you have restart system and it will boot from usb.

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AWS Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing : Cloud computing is generally leasing of the Hardware, Software & Infrastructure. It can be accessed through gadgets, Like; Smart Phone, Tablet, Laptop & Desktop. All information that a digital system has to offer is provided as service in the cloud computing.
In Cloud computing on of the Leading service provided by Amazon, known as Amazon Web Services (AWS)

AWS EC2 : Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a web-based service that allows businesses to run application program in the Amazon Web Services (AWS) public cloud.
AWS EC2 allows to the user to create Virtual machine, virtual cloud. Which provide the compute capacity of an IT project and cloud work load that run on global AWS cloud Center.

Amazon EC2 help users to create virtual machine and instance on cloud base hosting and use on IT project globally.
To use EC2 instance a developer create AMAZON MACHINE IMAGE (AMI) contenting OS (operating System) , Application programs & configuration settings. Then AMI uploaded to the Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) and it is registered with amazon EC2 . Once this has been done, the subscriber can requisition virtual machines on an as-needed basis.
Data only remains on an EC2 instance while it is running, but a developer can use an Amazon Elastic Block Store volume for an extra level of durability and Amazon S3 for EC2 data backup.

EC2 provided different types of instance. Sizes and pricing structures designed for different computing and budgetary needs. EC2 offers an instance type for compute, memory, accelerated computing and storage-optimized workloads. EC2 limits how many instances a user can run in a region at a time, depending on the type of instance.
Each instance type comes with different size options corresponding to the CPU, memory and storage needs of each enterprise.

On-Demand Instances allows a developer to create resources as needed and to pay for them by the hour.
Reserved Instances (RIs) provides a price discount in exchange for one and three-year contract commitments.

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Cloud Computing Service Providers

A cloud provider is a company that offers some component of cloud computing – typically Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Software as a Service (SaaS) or Platform as a Service (PaaS).

There are many company who provided cloud computing services. Here we talk about some prestigious top leading companies who providing cloud services.

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Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is basically delivery of computing services—servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics and more, over the Internet.

Companies offering these computing services are called cloud providers and typically charge for cloud computing services based on usage, similar to how you are billed for water or electricity at home.

Third-party clouds enable organizations to focus on their core businesses instead of expending resources on computer infrastructure and maintenance.

Cloud computing Service models

In cloud computing there are mainly three (3) models are there. are;

SAAS : Software As A Service

PAAS: Platform As A Service

IAAS : Infrastructure  As A Service

SAAS : Software As A Service

The traditional model of software distribution, in which software is purchased for and installed on personal computers, is sometimes referred to as Software-as-a-Product.

SAAS is stand for Software As A Service. Software on demand refers to computer applications that are delivered as a service via the Internet. This type of software is also referred to as on-demand software, SaaS (Software-as-a-Service) and Applications-as-a-Service.

Image Source Google

The efficiency gains delivered by software on demand frees up IT personnel for the more important task of managing IT resources as a strategic tool to optimize their business operations.

SaaS applications are sometimes called Web-based software, on-demand software, or hosted software. Whatever the name, SaaS applications run on a SaaS provider’s servers. The provider manages access to the application, including security, availability, and performance.

For accessing you simply access it via the Internet, freeing yourself from complex software and hardware management.

Characteristics

For better understanding on SAAS model simply think on bank model.It protects the privacy of each customers while providing service that is reliable and secure—on a massive scale.

A bank’s customers all use the same financial systems and technology without worrying about anyone accessing their personal information without authorization.

Architecture

SAAS have MULTITENANT ARCHITECTURE.

In SAAS architecture it provided Multitenant Architecture. In this architecture all users and applications share a single, common infrastructure and code base that is centrally maintained. The single application runs on a server and multiple user who have access can access and do there work on the application.

Easy Customization

SAAS user easily customize applications to fit their business processes without affecting the common infrastructure. Because of the way SaaS is architect-ed, these customization are unique to each company or user and are always preserved through upgrades. That means SaaS providers can make upgrades more often, with less customer risk and much lower adoption cost.

Example : SendGrid, Tivoli Live, SalesForce.com

PAAS : Platform As A Service

It is a cloud computing model in which a third-party provider delivers hardware and software tools. Usually it needed for application development — to users over the internet. A PaaS provider hosts the hardware and software on its own infrastructure. As a result, PaaS frees users from having to install in-house hardware and software to develop or run a new application.

Enterprise PaaS provides line-of-business software developers a self-service portal for managing computing infrastructure from centralized IT operations and the platforms that are installed on top of the hardware. The enterprise PaaS can be delivered through a hybrid model that uses both public IaaS and on-premise infrastructure or as a pure private PaaS that only uses the latter.

Image Source : Google

Architecture

On-demand self-service :  End users can sign up and receive services without the long delays that have characterized traditional IT. It refers to the service provided by cloud computing vendors that enables the provision of cloud resources on demand whenever they are required.

API : Application Program Interface

Broad network access : Users can access the services by using standard platforms (such as desktop, laptop, and mobile).

Resource pooling: It allows cloud providers to pool large-scale IT resources to serve multiple cloud consumers.

Image Source : Google

Resource pooling is that through modern scalable systems involved in cloud computing and software as a service (SaaS), providers can create a sense of infinite or immediately available resources by controlling resource adjustments at a meta level. This allows customers to change their levels of service at will without being subject to any of the limitations of physical or virtual resources.

Rapid elasticity : Rapid elasticity allows users to automatically request additional space in the cloud or other types of services.

It typically done in two ways;

        Horizontal Scalability : Adding or removing nodes, servers or instances to or from a pool like a cluster or farm.

        Vertical Scalability : Adding or removing resources to an existing node, server or instance to increase the capacity of the node, server or instance.

Measured service : Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth and active user accounts). Resource can be monitored, controlled and reported, providing transparency for the provider and consumer.

Example : AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Windows Azure, Heroku, Force.com, Google App Engine, Apache Stratos.

IAAS : Infrastructure  As A Service

IaaS is a form of cloud computing that provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. In this  model cloud provider hosts the infrastructure components traditionally present in an on-premises data center, including servers, storage and networking hardware, as well as the virtualization or hypervisor layer.

The IaaS provider also supplies a range of services to accompany those infrastructure components.

Characteristics :

SCALING : This important characteristic of IaaS is called dynamic scaling — if customers wind up needing more resources than expected, they can get them immediately . A provider or creator of IaaS typically optimizes the environment so that the hardware, the operating system, and automation can support a huge number of workloads.

SERVICE LEVELS : A typical service-level agreement states what the provider has agreed to deliver in terms of availability and response to demand. The service level might, for example, specify that the resources will be available (11) 99.999% of the time and that more resources will be provided dynamically if greater than 80% of any given resource is being used.

RENTAL MODEL : IT infrastructure components are rented for a fee based on the quantity of resources used and how long they’re in use.

Within a private IaaS model, renting takes on a different focus. Although you might not charge each user to access a resource, in the charge-back model, you can allocate usage fees to an individual department based on usage over a week, month, or year. Because of the flexibility of the IaaS model, you can charge more of the budget to heavy users.

LICENSING : The use of public IaaS has led to innovation in licensing and payment models for software you want to run in these cloud environments. Another option is called “pay as you go” (PAYG), which generally integrates the software licenses with the on-demand infrastructure services.

COSTS : As per uses. Ideally, the IaaS provider will have a transparent process for identifying charges incurred by the user.

Advantages : Dynamically choose a CPU, memory, and storage configuration to suit your needs.

Access to vast computing power available on IaaS cloud platform.

Eliminates the need for investment in rarely used IT hardware.

Disadvantages : IaaS  platform model is dependent on internet availability.

Dependence on the availability of virtualization services.

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Computer Operating System_Linux

Linux  is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open-source software development and distribution.

The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel,an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds.The Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to describe the operating system.
Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture, but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system.
Platforms : Alpha, ARC, ARM, AVR32, Blackfin, C6x, ETRAX CRIS, FR-V, H8/300, Hexagon, Itanium, M32R, m68k, META, Microblaze, MIPS, MN103, Nios II, OpenRISC, PA-RISC, PowerPC, s390, S+core, SuperH, SPARC, TILE64, Unicore32, x86, Xtensa

Linux Distributions
Ubuntu : Ubuntu is an open source operating system software for computers.It is one of the distribution systems of Linux, and is based on the Debian architecture.

Image Source : Google

It is usually run on personal computers, and is also popular on network servers, usually running the Ubuntu Server variant, with enterprise-class features. Ubuntu runs on the most popular architectures, including Intel, AMD, and ARM-based machines. Ubuntu is also available for tablets and smartphones, with the Ubuntu Touch edition.
Ubuntu is published by Canonical Ltd, who offer commercial support.Ubuntu is the most popular operating system running in hosted environments, so–called “clouds”,as it is the most popular server Linux distribution.OS family Linux. Source model Open source.

Features : installation of Ubuntu contains a wide range of software that includes LibreOffice, Firefox, Thunderbird, Transmission.

Fedora : Fedora is a Unix-like operating system based on the Linux kernel and GNU programs (a Linux distribution), developed by the community-supported Fedora Project and sponsored by the Red Hat company.

Fedora contains software distributed under various free and open-source licenses and aims to be on the leading edge of such technologies.

Fedora is the upstream source of the commercial Red Hat Enterprise Linux distribution.

Editions are available: Workstation, focused on the personal computer, Server and Cloud for servers, Atomic being the edition meant for cloud computing.

Features : The default desktop environment in Fedora is GNOME and the default user interface is the GNOME Shell. Other desktop environments, including KDE Plasma, Xfce, LXDE, MATE and Cinnamon, are available and can be installed.
Fedora version : Fedora Workstation – It targets users who want a reliable, user-friendly, and powerful operating system for their laptop or desktop computer.
Fedora Server – Its target usage is for servers, it includes the latest data center technologies.
Fedora Cloud – It provides a minimal image of Fedora which includes just the bare essentials. It is meant for deployment in cloud computing.

Linux Mint : Linux Mint is a community-driven Linux distribution based on Debian and Ubuntu that strives to be a “modern, elegant and comfortable operating system which is both powerful and easy to use.

Linux Mint provides full out-of-the-box multimedia support by including some proprietary software and comes bundled with a variety of free and open-source applications.
Features : It primarily uses free and open-source software, making exceptions for some proprietary software, such as plug-ins and codecs that provide Adobe Flash, MP3, and DVD playback. Linux Mint comes with a wide range of software installed that includes LibreOffice, Firefox, Thunderbird, HexChat, Pidgin, Transmission, VLC media player and GIMP. MintTools : Software Manager (mintInstall), Update Manager (mintUpdate), Main Menu, Backup Tool, Upload Manager, Domain Blocker, Desktop Settings, Welcome Screen.

OpenSUSE : OpenSUSE formerly SUSE Linux and SuSE Linux Professional, is a Linux-based project and distribution sponsored by SUSE Linux GmbH and other companies.

It is widely used throughout the world. The focus of its development is creating usable open-source tools for software developers and system administrators, while providing a user-friendly desktop and feature-rich server environment.
Distribution : openSUSE Download Edition. openSUSE Retail Edition or openSUSE Box. openSUSE FTP. openSUSE Factory. openSUSE Tumbleweed. openSUSE Factory and Tumbleweed merge.

PCLinuxOS : PCLinuxOS, often shortened to PCLOS, is a Linux distribution, with KDE Plasma Desktop as its default user interface. It is a primarily free software operating system for personal computers aimed at ease of use. It is considered a rolling release.

The precursor to PCLinuxOS was a set of RPM packages created to improve successive versions of Mandrake Linux.
PCLinuxOS 2007 : PCLinuxOS used a one-time source code snapshot from Mandriva to produce a new independent code base.This implied a shift to a more modern code, which required a complete reinstallation to this version.
Features : PCLinuxOS places specific emphasis on desktop computing, concentrating its efforts for home or small business environments, hence paying less attention to other more “traditional” uses, like servers, although packages for most server tasks are available.
PCLinuxOS maintains its own software repository, available via the Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) and its Synaptic front-end, completely replacing Mandriva’s urpmi. Its own menu arrangement, custom graphics, and icon sets.

Debian : Debian  is a Unix-like computer operating system that is composed entirely of free software, most of which is under the GNU General Public License and packaged by a group of individuals participating in the Debian Project.

The Debian Project was first announced in 1993 by Ian Murdock, Debian 0.01 was released on September 15, 1993,[6] and the first stable release was made in 1996.
As one of the earliest operating systems based on the Linux kernel, it was decided that Debian was to be developed openly and freely distributed in the spirit of the GNU Project. This decision drew the attention and support of the Free Software Foundation, which sponsored the project for one year from November 1994 to November 1995.
Features : Debian has access to online repositories that contain over 50,000 software packages making it the largest software compilation. Debian officially contains only free software, but non-free software can be downloaded and installed from the Debian repositories. It includes popular free programs such as LibreOffice,Firefox web browser, Evolution mail, K3b disc burner, VLC media player, GIMP image editor, and Evince document viewer.

Mandriva : Mandriva Linux is  a Linux distribution by Mandriva. It used the RPM Package Manager.
Server products received full updates for at least 5 years after their release.

The last release of Mandriva Linux was in August 2011. Most developers who were laid off went to Mageia.
Mandriva Linux contained the Mandriva Control Center, which eases configuration of some settings. It has many programs known as Drakes or Draks, collectively named drakxtools, to configure many different settings. Examples include MouseDrake to set up a mouse, DiskDrake to set up disk partitions and drakconnect to set up a network connection. They are written using GTK+ and Perl, and most of them can run in both graphical and text mode using the ncurses interface.
Features : Installation, control and administration, Desktops,
Package manager, Live USB, Versions (From 2007–2011, Mandriva was released on a 6-month fixed-release cycle, similar to Ubuntu and Fedora), Latest version (The latest stable version is Mandriva Linux 2011 Released on 28 August 2011), Development version, Version history.

Sabayon/Gentoo : Sabayon Linux or Sabayon is a Gentoo-based Italian Linux distribution created by Fabio Erculiani and the Sabayon development team. Sabayon follows the “out of the box” philosophy, aiming to give the user a wide number of applications ready to use and a self-configured operating system.

Sabayon Linux features a rolling release cycle, its own software repository and a package management system called Entropy. Sabayon is available in both x86 and AMD64 distributions and there is support for ARMv7 in development for the BeagleBone.
Editions :
Sabayon GNOME 64 Bit GNOME 3
Sabayon KDE         64 Bit  KDE
Sabayon LXDE 64 Bit LXDE
Sabayon XFCE 64 Bit Xfce
Sabayon MATE 64 Bit MATE
Sabayon Minimal 64 Bit None

Sabayon uses the same core components as the Gentoo Linux distribution. Sabayon now uses systemd.  Sabayon also includes additional tools for automatic configuration of various system components such as OpenGL.

Arch Linux : Arch Linux is composed predominantly of free and open-source software,and supports community involvement.

The design approach of the development team follows the KISS principle as the general guideline, and focuses on elegance, code correctness, minimalism and simplicity, and expects the user to be willing to make some effort to understand the system’s operation.A package manager written specifically for Arch Linux, pacman, is used to install, remove and update software packages.
Arch Linux uses a rolling release model, such that a regular system update is all that is needed to obtain the latest Arch software; the installation images released by the Arch team are simply up-to-date snapshots of the main system components.

Puppy Linux : Puppy Linux is an operating system and lightweight Linux distribution that focuses on ease of use and minimal memory footprint.

The entire system can be run from RAM with current versions generally taking up about 210 MB, allowing the boot medium to be removed after the operating system has started. Applications such as AbiWord, Gnumeric and MPlayer are included, along with a choice of lightweight web browsers and a utility for downloading other packages. The distribution was originally developed by Barry Kauler and other members of the community, until Kauler retired in 2013.The tool Woof can build a Puppy Linux distribution from the binary packages of other Linux distributions.

Versions:
Puppy 0 18 June 2003
Puppy 1 29 March 2005
Puppy 2 1 June 2006
Puppy 3 2 October 2007
Puppy 4 5 May 2008
Puppy 5 15 May 2010
Puppy 6 26 October 2014
Puppy Linux is a complete operating system bundled with a collection of applications suited to general use tasks. It can be used as a rescue disk, a demonstration system that leaves the previous installation unaltered, as an accommodation for a system with a blank or missing hard drive, or for using modern software on legacy computers.

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Computer Operating System_Mac OS

Mac Os is another most popular Operating system for Computer tablets and Mac phone which is run by Apple company.
A company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985. There, the Unix-like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed, and then launched in 1989.
The kernel of NeXTSTEP is based upon the Mach kernel, which was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University, with additional kernel layers and low-level user space code derived from parts of BSD. Its graphical user interface was built on top of an object-oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective-C programming language.
mac OS available in 34 languages.

MAC OS Versions :

Mac OS X Public Beta : The Mac OS X Public Beta (code named “Kodiak”) was the first publicly available version of Apple Computer’s Mac OS X operating system Cheetah to feature the Aqua user interface. It was released to the public on September 13, 2000.

The Public Beta succeeded Mac OS X Server 1.0, the first public release of Apple’s new NeXT OpenStep-based operating system, which used a variant of the classic Mac OS’s “Platinum” user interface look and feel.
User interface changes were revealed with respect to fonts, the Dock, the menu bar – with an Apple logo at the center which was later re positioned to the left of the menu bar and made an active interface element).System icons were much larger and more detailed, and new interface eye candy was prevalent.

Image source : Google

Mac OS X 10.0 : Mac OS X version 10.0, code named Cheetah, is the first major release of Mac OS X. Apple’s desktop and server operating system. Mac OS X 10.0 was released on March 24, 2001.

Mac OS X 10.0 was a radical departure from the classic Mac OS and was Apple’s long-awaited answer for a next generation Macintosh operating system
Features : Dock, osfmk7.3, TERMINAL, MAIL, ADDRESS bOOK, textEdit, PDF support, Aqua UI, Open GL, AppleScript, Sherlock, Protected Memory
With Mac OS X 10.0 began a short era ) where Apple offered two types of installation CDs: 1Z and 2Z CDs. The difference in the two lay in the extent of multilingual support.

Mac OS X 10.1: Mac OS X version 10.1, code named Puma, is the second major release of Mac OS X. Apple’s desktop and server operating system. It superseded Mac OS X 10.0 and preceded Mac OS X 10.2. Version 10.1 was released on September 25, 2001.

The operating system was better received than Mac OS X 10.0.
Supported computers: Power Mac G3, G4 , G4 Cube, iMac G3, iMac DV, eMac, PowerBook.
RAM: 128 MB, HDD Space : 1.5GB
Features : Performance enhancements , CD and DVD burning, DVD playback support, Faster 3D, Printer support-200 Printers support, Improved AppleScript , ColorSync 4.0, Image Capture.
system performance in version 10.1 was greatly improved, it was still deemed ‘not enough’ for many to adopt Mac OS X as their main operating system.

Mac OS X 10.2 : Mac OS X Jaguar, version 10.2, is the third major release of Mac OS X. Apple’s desktop and server operating system. It superseded Mac OS X 10.1 and preceded Mac OS X Panther.

The operating system was released on August 23, 2002 either for single-computer installations, and in a “family pack,” which allowed five installations on separate computers in one household.
Jaguar was the first Mac OS X release to publicly use its code name in marketing and advertisements.
Requirements : PowerPC G3 or G4 CPU , 128 MB of RAM
Mac OS X Jaguar introduced many new features to the Mac OS that remain to this day, including MPEG-4 support in QuickTime, Address Book, Inkwell for handwriting recognition, and Apple Mail. It also allows devices over a network to discover each other and display available services to the user, such as file sharing, shared scanners, and printers.

Mac OS X 10.3 : Mac OS X Panther (version 10.3) is the fourth major release of Mac OS X Apple’s desktop and server operating system. It followed Mac OS X 10.2 and preceded Mac OS X Tiger. Apple released Panther on October 24, 2003.
Requirements : PowerPC G3, G4, or G5 processor ,Built-in USB, At least 128 MB of RAM , 1.5 GB of available hard disk space, CD Drive, Internet access requires a compatible Service provider.
333 MHz or faster PowerPC G3, G4, or G5 processor.

Mac OS X 10.4 : Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger is the fifth major release of Mac OS X Apple’s desktop and server operating system for Mac computers. Tiger was released to the public on April 29, 2005.

It support 32/64-bit PowerPC and Intel.
Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was included with all new Macs, and was also available as an upgrade for existing Mac OS X users, or users of supported pre-Mac OS X systems. The server edition, Mac OS X Server 10.4, was also available for some Macintosh product lines.
Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was succeeded by Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard on October 26, 2007, after 30 months, making Mac OS 10.4 Tiger the longest running version of Mac OS X
Requirements : A PowerPC G3, G4, or G5 processor running at 300 MHz or faster, Built-in FireWire, 256 megabytes (MB) of RAM, 3 GB of available hard disk space, DVD-ROM drive.

Mac OS X 10.5 : Mac OS X Leopard (version 10.5) is the sixth major release of Mac OS X Apple’s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers.

According to Apple, Leopard contains over 300 changes and enhancements over its predecessor, Mac OS X Tiger, covering core operating system components as well as included applications and developer tools.
Changed features; Back to My Mac, a feature for MobileMe users that allows users to access files on their home computer while away from home via the internet, Boot Camp,Dashboard , Dictionary , Front Row has been reworked to closely resemble the interface of the original Apple TV.Ical, Ichat, Mail, Safari, Spaces, Quick Look, Preview. bringing the total to 18 languages

Mac OS X 10.6 : Mac OS X Snow Leopard (version 10.6) is the seventh major release of Mac OS X Apple’s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers.

Snow Leopard is the last release of Mac OS X to support the 32-bit Intel Core Solo and Intel Core Duo CPUs. Because of this, Snow Leopard still remains somewhat popular, despite its lack of continued support.
Requirements : Mac computer with an Intel processor (IA-32). 1 GB of RAM, 5GB HDD, DVD Drive.
Features: QuickTime H.264 hardware acceleration support,OpenCL, requires a supported Nvidia or ATI graphics card
Snow Leopard is available as an upgrade for Intel-based Macintosh computers. Single-user licenses and “family pack” licenses for up to five computers are available.

Mac OS X 10.7 : Mac OS X Lion is the eighth major release of Mac OS X Apple’s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers.

Mac OS X 10.7 Lion was publicly unveiled at the “Back to the Mac” Apple Special Event on October 20, 2010.
Lion was released to manufacturing on July 1, 2011.
Hardware support : The first developer preview of Lion added TRIM support for Solid-state drives (SSD) shipped with Macs, which is also included in the latest version of Snow Leopard (10.6.8) shipping with current MacBook Pros before July 20, 2011. Other SSDs have built-in TRIM-like optimization, while yet others require OS patching.

Mac OS X 10.8 : OS X Mountain Lion (version 10.8) is the ninth major release of OS X Apple Inc.’s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers.

OS X Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012.
The operating system gained the new malware-blocking system Gatekeeper and integration with Apple’s online Game Center and iCloud services, while the Safari web browser was updated to version 6.
System requirements : iMac , MacBook, Mac Book Pro, MacBook Air, Mac Mini, Mac Pro, Xserve.
An update for Mountain Lion, version 10.8.1, was released on August 23, 2012.

Mac OS X 10.9 : OS X Mavericks is the tenth major release of OS X , Apple Inc.’s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers.

 OS X Mavericks was announced on June 10, 2013.
Requirements : iMac,MacBook , MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, MacBook  Mini Mac Pro, Xserve.
Finder improvements, other improvements for power users, and continued iCloud integration, as well as bringing more of Apple’s iOS apps to OS X.
OS X Mavericks can run on any Mac that can run OS X Mountain Lion; as with Mountain Lion, 2 GB of RAM, 8 GB of available storage, and OS X 10.6.8 (Snow Leopard) or later are required.Mavericks and later versions are all available for free.

Mac OS X 10.10 : OS X Yosemite is the eleventh major release of OS X  Apple Inc.’s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers.

OS X Yosemite was announced and released to developers on June 2, 2014.
System requirements :iMac ,  MacBook , MacBook Pro, MacBook Air , Mac Mini, Mac Pro , Xserve.
Yosemite introduced a major overhaul of OS X’s user interface. Its graphics replaced skeuomorphism with flat graphic design and blurred translucency effects.

Mac OS X 10.11 : OS X El Capitan is the twelfth major release of OS X  Apple Inc.’s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers.

The first beta of OS X El Capitan was released to developers shortly following the 2015 WWDC keynote on June 8, 2015.
System requirements : iMac: Mid 2007 or newer, MacBook: Late 2008 or newer, MacBook White/Black: Early 2009 or newer,MacBook Retina: All,MacBook Air: Late 2008 or newer, MacBook Pro: 13-inch: Mid 2010 or newer (that is, all),MacBook Pro: 15-inch: Mid 2007 or newer.
OS X El Capitan includes features to improve the security, performance, design and usability of OS X. Compared to OS X Yosemite, Apple says that opening PDFs is four times faster, app switching and viewing messages in Mail is twice as fast and launching apps is 40% faster.

Mac OS 10.12 : macOS Sierra (version 10.12) is the thirteenth major release of macOS (previously OS X), Apple Inc.’s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers.

It is the first version of the operating system issued under the June 2016 rebranding as macOS.
The first beta of macOS Sierra was released to developers shortly following the 2016 WWDC keynote on June 13, 2016.
System requirements : iMac, Mac Book , Mac Book Retina, MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, Mac Mini, Mac Pro.
Sierra is the first version of macOS since OS X Mountain Lion, released in 2012, that does not run on all computers that the previous version suported .

MacOS 10.13 : Apple announced macOS 10.13 High Sierra at the WWDC 2017 keynote event, which came as little surprise, as it’s traditional for Apple to announce the latest version of its Mac software at its annual developer event.

The successor to macOS Sierra, it was announced at WWDC 2017 on June 5, 2017.
The name “High Sierra” refers to the High Sierra region in California.
System requirements : iMac, MacBook/MacBook(retina), MacBook Air, Mac Mini, Mac pro, iMacPro.
macOS High Sierra gives Photos an updated sidebar and new editing tools.
Mail has improved Spotlight search with Top Hits.
Safari has a new “Intelligent Tracking Prevention” feature which uses machine learning to block third parties from tracking the user’s actions.Safari can also block auto-playing videos from playing. The “Reader Mode” can be made to be always turned on. The Notes app allows the user to add tables to a note.

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Computer Operating System_windows

Overview Windows : While referring to an (OS) Operating System, Windows or win is an operating environment created by Microsoft that provides an interface, known as a Graphical User Interface (GUI), for computers. Windows eliminates the need to memorize commands for the command line (MS-DOS) by using a mouse to navigate through menus, dialog boxes, buttons, tabs, and icons. If you are using a PC (IBM) computer you are most likely using a version of Windows.

Microsoft Windows was first introduced with version 1.0 on November 10, 1983. Since its release, there have been over a dozen versions of Windows. The most current version of Windows for end users is Windows 10.

Series :

Windows 3.1x : Windows 3.1x is a series of 16-bit operating environments produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers. The series began with Windows 3.1, which was first sold during April 1992 as a successor to Windows 3.0. Windows 3.1 was originally released on April 6, 1992; official support for Windows 3.1 ended on December 31, 2001, and OEM licensing for Windows for Work groups 3.11 on embedded systems continued to be available until November 1, 2008. Windows 3.x was the predecessor of Windows 2.x; unlike MS-DOS, it had multitasking (non-preemptive) capabilities, which means that it could run multiple programs concurrently, as well as run more than one instance of the same program simultaneously. Windows 3.0 was launched in 1990; it was then followed by Windows 3.1, Windows 3.11 (Windows for Work groups) and Windows 3.2 (basically the Chinese version of 3.1).

Windows 95: Windows 95  is a consumer-oriented operating system developed by Microsoft. It was released on August 24, 1995,and was a significant improvement over the company’s previous MS-DOS–based Windows products. Windows 95 merged Microsoft’s formerly separate MS-DOS and Windows products. It featured significant improvements over its predecessor, Windows 3.1, most notably in the graphical user interface (GUI) and in its simplified “plug-and-play” features. There were also major changes made to the core components of the operating system, such as moving from a mainly co-operatively multitasked 16-bit architecture to a 32-bit preemptive multitasking architecture.

Windows 98 : Windows 98 is released by Microsoft in June 25, 1998. It is a mixed 16 bit/32 bit Windows operating system. The version number is 4.1 and the code name is Menphis. Windows98  has integrated the Internet standard comprehensively. It simplifys
desktop with Internet technology and allows the users to find and
browse the information on the computer or on the internet more
simply and faster.

This new system is edited on the base of Windows95. It improves the hardware standard, such as MMX, and AGP. It has other features like supporting FAT32 file system, multi-display, Web TV and the Internet Explorer integrated to the Windows GUI. That is called Active Desktop.

Windows ME : Windows Millennium Edition, or Windows ME  is a graphical operating system from Microsoft released to manufacturing in June 2000, and launched in September 2000. It was the last operating system released in the Windows 9x series.

It included Internet Explorer 5.5, Windows Media Player 7, and the new Windows Movie Maker software, which provided basic video editing and was designed to be easy to use for home users.

Windows ME is a continuation of the Windows 9x model, but with restricted access to real mode MS-DOS in order to decrease system boot time. Windows ME introduced the “System Restore” logging and reversion system, which was meant to simplify troubleshooting and solve problems. It was intended to work as a rollback and recovery feature so that if the installation of an application or a driver adversely affected the system, the user could undo the installation and return the system to a previously working state. It does this by monitoring changes to Windows system files and the registry.

Windows NT : Windows NT is a family of operating systems produced by Microsoft, the first version of which was released in July 1993. It is a processor-independent, multiprocessing, multi-user operating system.

The first version of Windows NT was Windows NT 3.1 and was produced for workstations and server computers. “NT” formerly expanded to “New Technology” but no longer carries any specific meaning. Starting with Windows 2000,”NT” was removed from the product name and is only included in the product version string.
NT was the first purely 32-bit version of Windows, whereas its consumer-oriented counterparts, Windows 3.1x and Windows 9x, were 16-bit/32-bit hybrids. It is a multi-architecture operating system.

Windows 2000 : Windows 2000 is an operating system for use on both client and server computers. It was produced by Microsoft and released to manufacturing on December 15, 1999, and launched to retail on February 17, 2000.

Four editions of Windows 2000 were released: Professional, Server, Advanced Server, and Data center Server; the latter was both released to manufacturing and launched months after the other editions.
Windows 2000 introduces NTFS 3.0 Encrypting File System, as well as basic and dynamic disk storage.Support for people with disabilities was improved over Windows NT 4.0 with a number of new technologies,and Microsoft increased support for different languages and locale information.

Windows XP : Windows XP is a personal computer operating system that was produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was released to manufacturing on August 24, 2001, and broadly released for retail sale on October 25, 2001.

Windows XP’s interface was overhauled with a new visual appearance, with an increased use of alpha compositing effects, drop shadows, and “visual styles”, which completely change the appearance of the operating system.
The Start menu received its first major overhaul on XP, switching to a two-column layout with the ability to list, pin, and display frequently used applications, recently opened documents, and the traditional cascading “All Programs” menu. The taskbar can now group windows opened by a single application into one taskbar button, with a popup menu listing the individual windows. A “common tasks” list was added, and Windows Explorer’s sidebar was updated to use a new task-based design with lists of common actions; the tasks displayed are contextually relevant to the type of content in a folder (i.e. a folder with music displays offers to play all the files in the folder, or burn them to a CD).

Windows Vista : Windows Vista is an operating system by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, tablet PCs and media center PCs. Development was completed on 8 November 2006,and over the following three months, it was released in stages to computer hardware and software manufacturers, business customers and retail channels. On 30 January 2007, it was released worldwide and was made available for purchase and download from the Windows Marketplace.
New features of Windows Vista include an updated graphical user interface and visual style dubbed Aero, a new search component called Windows Search, redesigned networking, audio, print and display sub-systems, and new multimedia tools such as Windows DVD Maker.

Windows 7 : Windows 7 is a personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft. It is a part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. Windows 7 was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and became generally available on October 22, 2009, less than three years after the release of its predecessor, Windows Vista. Windows 7’s server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at the same time.

Windows 7 was primarily intended to be an incremental upgrade to the operating system intending to address Windows Vista’s poor critical reception while maintaining hardware and software compatibility.
Windows 7 Ultimate is the, well, ultimate version of Windows 7, containing all the features available in Windows 7 Professional and Windows 7 Home Premium, plus BitLocker technology. Windows 7 Ultimate also has the largest language support.
Windows 7 Professional, often referred to as Windows 7 Pro, contains all the features available in Windows 7 Home Premium, plus Windows XP Mode, network backup features, and domain access, making this the right Windows 7 choice for medium and small business owners.
Windows 7 Enterprise is designed for large organizations. Windows 7 Starter is only available for preinstallation by computer makers, usually on netbooks and other small form-factor or lower-end computers. Windows 7 Home Basic is only available in some developing countries.

Windows 8 and 8.1 : Windows 8 : Windows 8 is PC operating system designed by Microsoft and is part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. Windows 8 was officially released on August 1, 2012. Its platform are IA-32, x64, ARMv7 and its Kernel type is Hybrid. It is now competing with two other popular mobile operating systems such as iOS and Android.

Windows 8 introduced many alterations to operating system’s platform and user interface to enhance its user experience on tablets. It also added supports for USB 3.0, advanced format hard drives, communications and cloud computing system.
Microsoft has also removed the various features of the Windows 7 in Windows 8 as well. First of all the traditional Start Menu of Microsoft Windows in no more the part of Windows 8. Then comes the Windows Media Center and DVD-Video in Windows Media Player that are also no more the part of Windows 8. Among a lot of new features and improvement in the existing one, the Windows App Store is being said to the most advanced feature of Windows that enable the users to directly access or purchase the Windows applications from this store. For the first time, Microsoft has introduced two-factor authentication systems that are based in the PINs and picture password system.
Windows Defenders has also got the extra antivirus capabilities.

Windows 8.1 : Windows 8.1 is the upgraded version of Windows 8 and is released by Microsoft. It is regarded as the professional version of Windows 8 and Windows 8 is itself is supposed to be home version. Windows 8.1 was released on August 27, 2013.

Windows 8.1 has resolved many complaints that were being faced by users in Windows 8. The main improvements include enhancement in start screen feature, extra snap views, extra packed apps, advanced OneDrive integration, Internet Explorer 11, search engine of Bing, revival of Start Button on taskbar and the ability to restore the previous behavior of opening the user’s desktop on login instead of the Start screen
There are two methods of installing the Windows 8.1; a free one and paid one. If you have already installed the Windows 8 then you can enjoy the free copy of Windows 8.1 by getting the update of Windows 8.1 from the Windows Store. However, if you want to directly install the Windows 8.1 then you will be required to purchase the copy of Windows 8.1. In a case of installing the Windows 8.1 updates on the Windows 8, the users will be able to keep all of their Windows settings, personal files, and almost all installed apps.

Windows 10 : Windows 10 is a personal computer operating system developed and released by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was first released on July 29, 2015.Windows 10 as a “service” that receives ongoing “feature updates”. Devices in enterprise environments can receive these updates at a slower pace, or use long-term support milestones that only receive critical updates, such as security patches, over their five-year lifespan of mainstream support.

Windows 10 introduces what Microsoft described as “universal apps”; expanding on Metro-style apps, these apps can be designed to run across multiple Microsoft product families with nearly identical code‍ including PCs, tablets, smartphones, embedded systems, Xbox One, Surface Hub and Mixed Reality.

PROS :
Consistent across devices.
A more natural, customization experience.
Free to upgrade.

CONS :
If your only using one device, many features will be lost on you.

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